Focus of This Summary This is a summary of a evaluating the evidence regarding the effectiveness and adverse consequences of strategies for reducing antibiotic use in adults and children with uncomplicated acute respiratory tract infections (RTIs). The systematic review included 133 unique studies published from 1990 to February 2015. Although this summary provides a review of evidence, it should not be construed to represent clinical recommendations or guidelines. Background In the United States, at least 2 million people are infected with antibiotic-resistant bacteria each year, causing approximately 23,000 deaths. A key factor for the increased rate of antibiotic resistance is high outpatient consumption of antibiotics.

Suspected Respiratory Tract Infection Presence of one or more of the following: Cough, runny-nose, sorethroat, chest pain, breathlessness, noisy breathing, fever. Shreve Chemical Process Industries Pdf. UPPER RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS What are Colds? Colds are viral, not bacterial infections of the upper respiratory tract. Symptoms can include. UpperRespiratoryTract Infections (Including Otitis Media) PeterS.Morris,MBBS, PhD,FRACP a,b c * Upper respiratory tract infections (including otitis media) are the.

Antibiotics are frequently inappropriately used for uncomplicated acute RTIs. For the purpose of this summary, include acute bronchitis, acute otitis media, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, rhinitis, sinusitis, influenza, and various viral syndromes but not community-acquired pneumonia or acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiectasis, or other chronic underlying lung diseases. Deciding whether to prescribe antibiotics for acute RTIs is a complex process.

Guidelines generally recommend withholding antibiotic treatment for most uncomplicated acute RTIs, with certain exceptions such as Group A streptococcus pharyngitis or severe sinusitis. Nevertheless, most outpatient antibiotic prescriptions in the United States are for acute RTIs. The factors associated with overuse of antibiotics for uncomplicated acute RTIs are numerous and diverse.

These factors include patient demographics (e.g., children vs. Adults); patient and clinician preferences and communication; patient expectations and physician perception of patient expectations; clinician specialty, knowledge, and experience; clinical inertia; geographic location; clinic type; availability of followup care; and feedback from infectious disease experts. Consequently, vary in targets and designs. Download Software Hanson Greatest Hits. Interventions include clinical strategies (e.g., use of point-of-care diagnostic tests, delayed antibiotic prescribing), system-level strategies (e.g., electronic decision support), education (e.g., strategies to improve communication between clinicians and patients, public education campaigns), and multifaceted approaches that incorporate various elements. See in the Appendix for further explanations and examples of these interventions.